Julius Henry “Groucho” Marx (/October 2, 1890 – August 19, 1977) was an American comedian, actor, writer, and singer who performed in films and vaudeville on television, radio, and the stage. He is considered one of America’s greatest comedians.
Groucho started his career in vaudeville in 1905 when he joined up with an act called The Leroy Trio. He answered a newspaper want ad by a man named Robin Leroy who was looking for a boy to join his group as a singer. Marx was hired along with fellow vaudeville actor Johnny Morris. Through this act, Marx got his first taste of life as a vaudeville performer.
In 1909, Groucho and his brothers had become a group act, at first called The Three Nightingales and later The Four Nightingales. The brothers’ mother, Minnie Marx, was the group’s manager, putting them together and booking their shows. The group had a rocky start, performing in less than adequate venues and rarely, if ever, being paid for their performances. Eventually brother Milton (Gummo) left the act to serve in World War I and was replaced by Herbert (Zeppo), and the group became known as the Marx Brothers. Their first successful show was Fun In Hi Skule (1910).
The early 1930s were chaotic for Hollywood due to the Great Depression and the arrival of sound films, but Groucho’s rapid-fire delivery and wit worked perfectly for talking pictures. The move to MGM stabilized the Marx Brothers’ careers, giving them longer-lasting hits.
The Marx Brothers made a major transition from Broadway and early Paramount films into some of their most beloved Hollywood classics. At Paramount, they released Animal Crackers (1930), Monkey Business (1931), and Horse Feathers (1932)—all anarchic, fast-talking comedies with Groucho at the center, delivering razor-sharp one-liners.
In 1933, they made Duck Soup, today considered one of the greatest comedies ever. Groucho played Rufus T. Firefly, the blustering dictator of Freedonia. Though not a box office hit at first, it later became a satire classic.
After Paramount, they signed with MGM, where the films were bigger, glossier, and more story-driven. Groucho starred in A Night at the Opera (1935) and A Day at the Races (1937), which brought the Marx Brothers’ humor to even wider audiences.
By the 1930s, Groucho’s stage and screen image was fully formed: greasepaint mustache, glasses, arched eyebrows, cigar, and nonstop wisecracks. His character was the fast-talking con man, professor, or leader, skewering authority and puncturing pomposity with sharp satire.
Groucho was also navigating his personal life in this period. He was married to Ruth Johnson, with whom he had children, but their marriage grew strained. He was known to be serious and somewhat anxious off-camera, very different from his breezy comic persona.