By 1848 the United States had acquired official title to the contiguous land stretching westward to the Pacific, south to the Rio Grande, and north to the 49th parallel. Americans had long since explored and settled in many of these areas, but legitimate possession created an impetus for development that began to crystallize as other timely occurrences brought a greater influx of people to the West. The religious persecution of the Mormons had led them to begin their migration westward by this time. The discovery of gold would soon draw thousands more across the country.
This transition from a "wild" western frontier into organized segments of a federal union is documented in photographs. Private citizens and Government officials took the recently developed camera on their western adventures to record nature's curious sights and the marks that they as men and women made on the landscape.
It is indeed a wonder that so many photographs have survived the hardships of the western experience, for early negatives were made of large glass plates. Some of these photographs have found their way into the
National Archives as record materials of several Federal bureaus and offices, such as the Bureaus of Land Management, Indian Affairs, Public Roads, Weather, Agricultural Economics, and Reclamation; the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Geological Survey, boundary and claims commissions and arbitrations, the Corps of Engineers, the Forest Service, and the Signal Corps.
Here's a collection of some of the best and most interesting photos taken during the American frontier days. They were selected from the records of these agencies now on deposit in the National Archives.
 |
| Frank E. Webner, pony express rider, ca. 1861. |
 |
| End of the Track. Near Humboldt River Canyon, Nevada. Campsite and train of the Central Pacific Railroad at foot of mountains, 1868. |
 |
| Joining the tracks for the first transcontinental railroad, Promontory, Utah, Terr., 1869. |
 |
| Column of cavalry, artillery, and wagons, commanded by Gen. George A. Custer, crossing the plains of Dakota Territory. 1874 Black Hills expedition. |
 |
| Cinching and loading pack mule with flour during starvation march of Gen. George Crook's expedition into the Black Hills, 1876. |
 |
| Horsedrawn stretcher carrying a wounded man from the Battle of Slim Buttes, Dak. Terr., 1876. |
 |
| The Rosebud, historic old Missouri River boat that went up the River from Bismark, N.D. to Coalbanks in Montana, head of navigation, ca. 1878. |
 |
| Ox train used to transport supplies in Arizona Territory, 1883. |
 |
| Government pack mules and packers. Photograph taken near Mexican border, 1883. |
 |
| Co. B~ 10th Infantry~, crossing Gila River in buckboard wagons near San Carlos, Ariz. Terr., ca. 1885. |
 |
| Typical stage of the Concord type used by express companies on the overland trails. Soldiers guard from atop, ca. 1869. |
 |
| Climbing Pike's Peak, Colorado, in winter, rounding Windy Point, ca. 1890. |
 |
| Steamer Bessie on the Rio Grande River loading up at Fort Ringgold, Tex., en route to Brownsville, ca. 1890. |
 |
| Laying tracks on the extreme front of Prescott and Eastern Railroad in Arizona Territory, ca. 1898. |
 |
| Construction workers on the military road, from Fort Washakie to Buffalo Fork near the Continental Divide, drive their wagonload of equipment up the summit of To-Gwo-Tee Pass, Wyo. Terr., 1898. |
 |
| Man with parts of his wagon and equipment on muddy floor of Canyon de Chelly, Navajo Reservation, Ariz. Terr. September, 1903. |
 |
| Two common methods of hauling water in Old Mexico and southwestern United States. Encinal, Tex., 1905. |
 |
| A rider fills his keg from a desert well 30 miles north of Palomas, Ariz. Terr. His horse refreshes himself nearby. April 5, 1907. |
 |
| Steamer Expansion makes weekly trips on the Yellowstone River between Mondak and Glendive, Montana. The riverboat also carried freight for the lower Yellowstone reclamation project. August 9, 1907. |
 |
| Discovery party and horses on hot, slick rocks west of Navajo Mountain on their way to Rainbow Bridge, Utah. August 13, 1909. |
 |
| Automobile helped through sandy wash onto mesa, 7 miles northwest of Yuma, Calif. November 20, 1911. |
 |
| Buckboard and coaches zigzagging down the "W" Pike's Peak carriage road, Colorado, 1911. |
 |
| An AAA Good Roads Official on his transcontinental auto trip passes the only road sign in evidence along the dusty, desolate road near Glendive, Mont. July 1912. |
 |
| Noon camp of a surveying outfit, southwest part of Jornada Range Reserve, New Mexico, October 17, 1912. |
 |
| Members of the Denver Motor Club and Chamber of Commerce test-driving the Denver to Salt Lake Exposition route near De Beque, Colo. October 1912. |
 |
| Covered wagon with jackrabbit mules encounters an automobile on the trail near Big Springs, Nebr., 1912. |
